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| Year : 2022
| Volume
: 25 | Issue : 2 | Page
: 204-205 |
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| Cardiac tamponade in a patient supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
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Troy G Seelhammer1, Theodore O Loftsgard2, Erica D Wittwer1, Matthew J Ritter1
1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
2 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (Mr. Loftsgard), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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email
| Date of Submission | 02-Sep-2020 |
| Date of Decision | 06-Sep-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 06-Jan-2021 |
| Date of Web Publication | 11-Apr-2022 |
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 Abstract | | |
Cardiac tamponade occurring in a patient supported on central veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is depicted in a transesophageal echocardiography image and associated rendering. Prompt recognition of tamponade, which can be assisted with echocardiography, and emergent evacuation is critical to restoring cardiovascular stability.
Keywords: ECHO, echocardiography, ECMO, tamponade, transesophageal
How to cite this article:
Seelhammer TG, Loftsgard TO, Wittwer ED, Ritter MJ. Cardiac tamponade in a patient supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Card Anaesth 2022;25:204-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Seelhammer TG, Loftsgard TO, Wittwer ED, Ritter MJ. Cardiac tamponade in a patient supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Card Anaesth [serial online] 2022 [cited 2022 May 21];25:204-5. Available from: https://www.annals.in/text.asp?2022/25/2/204/342838 |
| Image Description | |  |
Complete loss of pulsatility of the systemic arterial waveform rapidly developed in a patient supported on central veno-arterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Progressive inability to maintain ECMO flow was noted along with increasingly negative inlet pressure and a rising central venous pressure (CVP). Transesophageal echocardiography [Figure 1]a identified a large pericardial effusion with early diastolic collapse of the right ventricle. The left ventricle (LV) was underfilled, despite a severe reduction in flow through the LV vent. Findings were consistent with cardiac tamponade [Figure 1]b, and the patient underwent emergent surgical evacuation of hemopericardium. | Figure 1: (a) Transgastric short-axis TEE image showing the base of the left ventricle with the mitral valve open. The venous cannula visualized passing through the right atria. A circumferential pericardial effusion is shown along with diastolic collapse of the right ventricle. (b) Rendering demonstrating key anatomic findings including the venous cannula, the left ventricular vent in cross-section, and the pericardial effusion. Extrinsic compression of the left and right ventricle from fluid accumulating within the pericardial sac is denoted by black arrows
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Cardiac tamponade in the native circulation occurs when increased intrapericardial pressure prevents diastolic filling of the heart, causing reduced cardiac output that can lead to shock. Similarly, reduced venous return from tamponade in patients on VA ECMO causes ECMO flow to drop. Inlet pressures become increasingly negative from reduced venous return even though CVP rises as a reflection of elevated juxta cardiac pressure. Tamponade is not unique to VA ECMO as this complication has been described during veno-venous (VV) ECMO secondary to catheter malposition and right ventricular rupture. In VV ECMO, tamponade presents with a rising CVP, increasingly negative inlet pressures and reduced ECMO flow.[1] However, the reduced VV ECMO flow does not impact systemic blood flow, which is reduced by the effect of tamponade on native cardiac output.
Hemostatic complications remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients supported with ECMO.[2] Approximately 60% of ECMO episodes are complicated by at least one bleeding event.[3] Data from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry reported a 2.3% incidence of tamponade carrying a 52% mortality.[2] Tamponade in patients supported with ECMO may present with rising negative inlet pressure despite a rising CVP. Prompt recognition of tamponade and emergent evacuation is critical to restoring cardiovascular stability.
Declaration of patient consent
Written informed consent for research authorization of the patient's medical record for the purposes of publication was obtained and is a component of the medical record.
Abbreviations
VA, veno-arterial
VV, veno-venous
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
TEE, transesophageal echocardiography
CVP, central venous pressure
LV, left ventricle
Financial support and sponsorship
Support was provided solely from institutional or departmental sources.
Conflicts of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Yates AR, Duffy VL, Clark TD, Hayes D Jr, Tobias JD, McConnell PI, et al. Cardiac tamponade: New technology masking an old nemesis. Ann Thorac Surg 2014;97:1046-8.  |
| 2. | Murphy DA, Hockings LE, Andrews RK, Aubron C, Gardiner EE, Pellegrino VA, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-hemostatic complications. Transfus Med Rev 2015;29:90-101. |
| 3. | Aubron C, DePuydt J, Belon F, Bailey M, Schmidt M, Sheldrake J, et al. Predictive factors of bleeding events in adults undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Intensive Care 2016;6:1-10. |
Correspondence Address:
Troy G Seelhammer
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
USA
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_223_20
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